Words and Music

There is always a strong connection between the two, whether explicit or not, in the instrumental composition of anyone who composed for the voice.  It is as if the word is hiding in there somewhere.

The other day I heard a video of a Dowland song, performed excellently by two outstanding musicians.  Though lovely, there was something unsettling about it: I called it a conundrum.   It being a song I do not know, I looked it up on line, printed it out and worked on it.

At first hearing I had noticed that a particular note in the song needed some emphasis it was not receiving.  The melody uses very few notes, is short, and has a lot of repeats. But the fact that I was constantly tripping over something made it difficult for me to figure it out as I listened.

Studying it revealed the answer: What looks like a repeated bar turns out to be a cleverly disguised variation.  In this case a dotted-half, shortened to allow for a breath at the end of the first phrase, by contrast, at what looks like the corresponding bar at the "end" of the third phrase, becomes energized on the third beat (on the dot!) to elide with the following two bars, causing the particular note that I had heard as pivotal to take on two entirely new degrees of emphasis.  This entirely upsets the song's seeming symmetry.

As much of this period's music is about fickleness I find this very a propos.  

Then There is Bach

Consider how much incomprehensible garbage has been dumped on all of us about just these three composers (Haydn, Mozart, and Bach) and you have some idea of how difficult it is to listen clean and to think clearly.

Take the issue of Bach and the piano. I first came to New York after having spent five years immersed in the organ music of Bach, first at Oberlin, then in Germany, where I studied with Helmut Walcha.  In New York in the early 1960's no one talked about Bach and, if they did so, it was not the same Bach that I had been working on.  In fact, all music written for the piano was considered only in terms of post-Chopin technique.

At that time people still pooh-poohed--even in print!--the idea that pre-Classical musical usage had anything to do with Beethoven or Mozart and virtually no attention was paid to the essentials of articulation, ornamentation, rhythmic grammar, and so on.

I have only now begun to perform Bach on the piano.  I am beginning with the Two-Part Inventions approached, not as over-regimented "Classical" pieces with accentuated barlines and Classical-style meters, but approached rather as Baroque inventions, combining imitative with vocal writing, structured yet improvisatory, as is all great Baroque music, even the most rigorous.

What About Mozart?

Ah!  It is even more difficult to know Mozart than to know Haydn partly because, in the words of one musical thinker, we have been "Mozarted to death." 

I have figured out that Mozart had favorite notes on the piano: the dynamic relationship between C and B.
They are so utterly different that they defy theoretical description, much less prediction.  Forget about function, they seem to say.  Just listen to this!

But the shifts of specific coloration in Mozart are so many and so mercurial that I know I have not yet weaned my memory from having heard some of his music too many times--so many times that I am "hearing" it only passively, in reply, which is not hearing at all.

How Long Does It Take to Get to Know Haydn?

When I consider how I absolutely hated Haydn's music as I heard it played as a freshman in a music school, I would have to say it takes a lifetime minus 16 years.  I have been at it a long time and I am not yet finished getting to know him.

It just occurred to me the other day that he is as fascinated with single tones on the piano as with their potential.  Why else would he begin and end so many sonatas with single tones, sometimes embellished, but often at the discretion of the player?  Why else would he so often end sonatas with "weak" endings? 
It is as if he is expanding and then intensifying our field of auditory awareness exploring the range of auditory space and perception on a multi-dimensional terrain that we are always only just beginning to enter no matter how many times we play the piece.

It is because of Haydn that I have given up on themes and formal vocabulary.  Invention, variability, endless delight--these are my guideposts.

I wish he were alive so that I might tell him this.

What is so Special about G minor?

In the days when I tuned my harpsichord I became deeply respectful of the singular problem posed by the black keys we call F# and B-flat.  Properly tuned in a version of mean-tone temperament, they sound absolutely horrible together. 

Even on a modern piano tuned to equal temperament, this combination of keys will inevitably sound like a major third, never a plausible diminished fourth.

That probably explains why Mozart stayed away from the key of G minor on the piano, as did Beethoven,  with some notable exceptions: The Piano Quartet K. 478, for example, on which my book is forthcoming.

Haydn, on the other hand, has written in that key, and has taken on the problem in highly creative ways, bless his heart.  His trick is to use the ordinarily F# key as a G-flat, thus relishing the major third produced by those particular black keys.

It makes for remarkable tonal passion.

Haydn and Jazz

My "oldest living" adult amateur student is an extraordinary world-class scientist, mindful of the vast chasm that separates her work from what she once referred to as "the music part" of music.  Needless to say, she is deeply insightful into the workings of the elements in music as in science.

Today, working on her Haydn D major sonata, the issue arose of note values in relation to improvisation, lee-way, variability.  Without a strong element of those free elements the note values in Haydn have the power to kill the music.

It is ironic that Haydn's sonatas are as free-form as they are while jazz improvisations are based on what seem to me, in contrast, to be quite tight structures.  Of course Haydn was faced with a real dilemma: how to evoke orchestral sounds from a newly invented keyboard instrument whose sound was unlike any previously possible from black and white keys played by two hands with the addition of foot or knee-controlled dampers.

It would have been accepted harpsichord technique to sustain some tones beyond their notated value in order to foster what little sympathetic vibration was possible with harpsichords. 

Modern pianists are taught to obey the printed text as if it were the music; sustaining a note beyond its prescribed value is a no-no.  But it all depends on the function of the note.  Sometimes eighth notes have to function as quarters in disguise, sometimes as tied whole notes in disguise.  At other times it is clear that they are eighths and must be released promptly.  How do I know?

I pay a lot of attention when I listen whether to amateurs or professionals.   Listening has taught me the power of the release and the corresponding power of the urge to sustain.

Do I Let On That It's My Favorite?

The question of secrecy in music is very important.  Just think of the number of situations in which composers have found themselves unable to spell out exactly what they want to say in the manner in which they want to say it: in other words, having to be cryptic about it. 

Who comes to mind? 

• William Byrd, a crypto-Catholic during a time when that meant you ran the risk of the state cutting off your head, literally.
• Dmitri Shostakovich, an independent thinker stuck under Stalin's thumb
• Lutoslawski, setting Polish folk songs for school children in such a way that they would learn freedom from within

These are just the first ones who come to mind; surely there are many more.

What about the performer?  How do we know about the performer's deepest identity when playing?  It is a compelling question that I can best address from my work with children and with amateurs.  If one plays so as to call attention to the parts one loves most everyone seems to "get it."

My dilemma of the moment is how to announce the repertoire for an upcoming recital that will include two of my all-time most beloved pieces.  I want the listeners to know but if I tell them it will probably only distract them.